Against Normative Defeat

Abstract Several epistemologists have advanced the idea that a subject’s epistemic status can be weakened by evidence she does not possess but should possessed, or, alternatively, beliefs or doubts had under her evidential circumstances have. This alleged phenomenon is known as normative defeat and its adherents typically reported intuitions it obtains mundane circumstances. Some analyzed in terms of breached obligations, while others preferred an analysis cognitive malfunctioning. No matter which one prefers, I here argue - given plausible psychological epistemological assumptions if were real would more bizarre than generally recognized. conclude cases normatively defeated knowledge justification are better lucky undeserved justification.